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Source: Family Structure and the Economic Mobility of Children. Their conclusion?

"... Regardless of family structure and race, our study suggests a considerable amount of absolute mobility in the United States. Approximately four out of five children have higher total family incomes than their parents, once income is adjusted for family size, with there being greater levels of absolute mobility among lower-income children. However, African American children who grew up in the bottom or middle of the parental income distribution are much less likely than white children to have greater economic success than their parents... This report finds that family structure does matter for both absolute and relative economic mobility. In particular, children of divorced parents are less likely to be upwardly mobile in absolute terms. Moreover, children of divorced mothers or who were born to unmarried mothers are less likely to be upwardly mobile in relative terms than are children of continuously married mothers..."